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ACCOUNTS ANSWERS 10/12 MARKS - 6/7 KEY POINTS
The Battle of Britain - August 1940 After France was defeated, Hitler planned a sea-invasion of Britain (Operation Sea-Lion). He knew that he had to gain control of the skies over the English Channel first. This led to the Battle of Britain between the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and the German Luftwaffe. German Messerschmitts and Stuka bombers took off from airfields in France, Belgium, Norway. Their plan was to attack airfields and radar stations in Britain. On the first day (Eagle Day) almost 1,500 planes attacked Britain. The Spitfires and the Hurricanes of the RAF matched the German planes. These planes were lighter and faster than the German planes as they were not carrying bombs. The British also had the advantage of Radar, which allowed the British to predict the arrival of British attack. After a month the RAF were close to defeat but the Luftwaffe had suffered such heavy losses that Hitler changed his tactics. He told the German air force to start bombing British cities instead – the Blitz. Hitler called off the invasion of Britain. This was Hitler’s first defeat. Operation Barbarossa JUNE 1941 Hitler always regarded Communist Russia as his greatest enemy and wanted to destroy it. He also wanted Lebensraum (living space) in the east and access to oil fields of the Caucuses. The invasion was code-named Operation Barbarossa. It was carried in June 1941 by a huge army of 3m soliders, 10,000 tanks and 5,000 planes. Hitler again used blitzkrieg tactics in a three pronged attack, directed towards the cities of Leningrad (North), Moscow (centre) and Kiev and Stalingrad in the South. The Luftwaffe took control of the air and German tanks and infantry moved quickly as the Russian Army retreated. As they retreated the Russians carried out a scorched earth policy. They destroyed crops, railway lines and anything that might be useful to the enemy. Stalin rallied his people and called on everyone to fight the Great Patriotic War against Germany. Then Hitler’s progress was halted by the Russian winter. Petrol froze in the engines of lorries, tanks and aeroplanes and soldiers froze to death on duty. Temperatures dropped to -40 C. In December the soviets launched a counter attack forcing the Germans to retreat. Battle of Stalingrad - 1942 In the summer of 1942 the Germans advanced towards the oilfields in the south of the USSR. They key town in this area was Stalingrad. Hitler was determined to capture the city that bore the name of his enemy. The German 6th Army led by General Von Paulus attacked the city. The Luftwaffe bombed the city to a pulp. Yet when the Germans entered the city, the Red Army emerged from the ruins forcing the Germans to fight street by street and building by building. Russian reinforcements were brought in each night to hold the city. German tanks found It difficult to manoeuvre in the narrow rubble filled streets, making them vulnerable to attack from Molotov cocktails (petrol bombs). In Nov 1942, Marshall Zhukov surrounded the Germans with a Red Army of 1m soldiers. Hitler continued to supply the army by airdrops but they suffered terribly over the harsh winter and eventually surrendered in Jan 1943. Von Paulus had ignored Hitler’s orders to fight to the last bullet. The Germans had lost an army of 300,000 men. The German defeat at Stalingrad was a major turning point in the war. It was a massive confidence boost for the Russians. Deliverance Day (D-Day) - 1944 Stalin had long demanded that the Allies open up a second front in the West to take the pressure off the Red Army in the East. In 1944 a huge army of American, British and Canadian troops gathered in Southern England. They were there to invade France and free it from Nazi occupation. The invasion was called Operation Overlord and it would be under the command of General Eisenhower. A deception operation was planned to convince the Germans that the attack would happen near Calais. The operation began on 6th June 1944. Thousands of German planes bombed the German defences – while paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines. Allied troops set up artificial harbours (mulberry piers) to bring in tanks and trucks and they built a pipeline under the ocean (Pluto) to supply oil. 156,000 soldiers were landed on the beaches of Northern France on the first day. The Germans put up strong resistance. However the invasion was a success and a million soldiers landed in France by the end of June. The liberation of Western Europe had begun. In August 1944, Allied troops freed Paris. World War II – Key terms
Blitzkreig: lightning war – (1) German bombers destroy enemy targets. (2) Then large numbers of tanks smash through enemy defences. (3) Infantry (foot soldiers) advance to occupy and control newly captured territory. Phoney War: the period between the invasion of Poland, Oct 1939 and the invasion of Denmark, April 1940, when enemy troops faced each other across the French – German border but didn’t fight. Maginot Line: Forts built along the French/German border by the French in the 1930s to protect against a German invasion. The German forces by passed the Maginot Line and invaded France through Belgium in 1940. Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo): the evacuation of 300,000 British and French troops from France. The British used over 900 boats (warships to fishing boats) to rescue the troops from the beaches. The Luftwaffe: the German Air force The Blitz: the German bombing of British cities. During the Blitz, highly explosive bombs rained down on urban areas. About 60,000 people died and ninety per cent of London buildings were damaged. Hitler failed to break the morale of the British people. People spent their nights in Underground for safety. A loud air raid siren would warn of an attack. Children were evacuated to the countryside. Everyone was given a gas mask in case of chemical warfare. People had to cover their windows so that no light could be seen outside (blackout). Battle of Kursk: the biggest tank battle in history. Soviet tanks defeated the German tanks. Battle of El Alamein: Another major turning point in WWII. Italy’s efforts to extend its empire in North Africa came unstuck, forcing Hitler to send General Rommel to Africa to rescue the struggling Italians. The goal was to gain control of the Suez Canal. Rommel’s forces were initially successful but they were eventually defeated by Montgomery at the decisive battle of El Alamein in Egypt. In May 1943 the Germans and the Italians in North Africa surrendered. Pearl Harbour December 7th 1941: On this day Germany’s ally Japan attacked the US Pacific fleet at pearl Harbour in Hawaii. Japan wanted to build an empire in Asia and wanted to wipe out the US Navy in the Pacific. 18 US ships were sunk, 200 aircraft destroyed and 2,500 men killed. The US entered the war against Japan and Germany. Allies: America, Great Britain, Soviet Union among others. Axis Powers: Germany, Italy and Japan. The Battle of the Atlantic: German U-boats (submarines) attacked and sank hundreds of Allied cargo ships in the Atlantic. To protect themselves, cargo ships travelled in large groups called convoys, flanked by warships. The Allies were eventually able to defeat the U-boat threat by: increasing shipbuilding, using air reconnaissance, radar, sonar and by code breaking that deciphered messages sent to U-boats at sea. The Battle of Midway Island June 1942: the turning point in the war in the Pacific. The US Navy sank four Japanese aircraft carriers. After this battle the US invaded a large number of Japanese held islands in the Pacific and drove the Japanese back towards Japan. Operation Overlord: the Allied (GB, USA and CAN) invasion of France on 6th June 1944 – D-Day. The fall of Berlin: By April 1945 the Germans had been defeated on both fronts. Hitler called on young and old to defend Berlin. In March 1945 the Allies crossed the Rhine and on the 30th April 1945, Hitler committed suicide with the Soviet troops a few hundred metres away. A week later Germany surrendered and the war in Europe was over. Atomic bombs: the war against Japan continued in Asia. In August 1945, to prevent having to invade Japan, US President Harry Truman took the decision to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Both cities were destroyed. Over 100,000 people were killed and many more in the years after for radiation. Japan surrendered soon after. Why did the Allies win the war? 1.The Allies had larger populations and larger armies than the Axis Powers. 2.American industrial might. America produced thousands of planes, tanks, jeeps, ships for the Allied war effort. In factories that were far away from German or Japanese bombers. 3.Access to oil. The Allies had greater access to oil than Hitler or the Japanese. 4.The Allies won the key battles that were turning points in the war – the Battle of Britain, the Battle of El Alamein and the Battle of Stalingrad. 5.Hitler’s invasion of Russia turned out to be a fatal mistake for Germany. 6.The Allied bombing of German cities and factories reduced the military equipment Germany could build. It also meant that the Luftwaffe was tied down defending Germany rather than winning battles.
ACCOUNT STYLE QUESTIONS - 6/7 Key points on each:
Short Questions:
1. Give two reasons why Germany was defeated in WWII? (2 X 2 marks) - very common Q!! 2. Explain two of the following terms in relation to WW II 1939-45 The Phoney war The Blitz D-Day(June 1944) 3. Give two reasons why the League of Nations failed to keep peace in Europe in 1930's 4. From your study of WWII what was Vichy France 5. During WWII what was the blitz? 6. Apart from evacuation mention to effects of WWII on the civilian population? 7. What was the Maginot line? 8. Name two countries invaded by Hitler in April 1940? 9. What was meant by the term Blitzkrieg? 10. Explain the term Operation Overlord from WWII? 11. What was Operation Barbaroosa in WWII? LONGER QUESTIONS: Q. 4 - Person in History - 20 marks (11/12 key points) 1. A German soldier who took part in Operation Barbarossa (Invasion of Russia June 1941) 2. A British OR American soldier who took part in D-Day (Allied landings in France - June 1941) Q6 D. 30 MARKS - Account questions - N.B. Q 6 D. EVERY YEAR IS A 30 MARK QUESTION OF WORD WAR II & COLD WAR!! Write an account of TWO of the following (10 marks = 6/7 key points)
Write an account of ONE of the following (12marks = 6/7 key points) The Korean War 1950-53 or The Cuban Missile crisis Write an account of the following (10 marks = 6/7 key points) 1. A Named major crisis in the Cold war between the USA & USSR during the period 1945-1963?7 Hint = has to be Cuban missile crisis, Korean War or Berlin Blockade Write an account of TWO of the following (10 marks = 6/7 key points) 1. Battle of Britain 1940 2. Operation Barbarossa 3. D-Day landings Write an account of TWO of the following (10 marks = 6/7 key points) 1. The defeat of France 1940 2. The Battle of Britain 3. The Holocaust 4. Operation Overlord Write an account of TWO of the following (10 marks = 6/7 key points) 1. The battle of Britain 2. Operation Barbarossa 3. Operation Overlord Write an account of TWO of the following (10 marks = 6/7 key points) 1. The Blitz, 1940 2. Operation Barbarosa 3. The Holocaust Write an account of TWO of the following (10 marks = 6/7 key points) 1. The defeat of France 1940 2. The battle of Britain 1940 3. The war in the pacific 1941 - 45 |
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