http://www.yourirish.com/history/ancient/iron-age/the-celts
http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/bronze/celts.htm http://www.ancientireland.org/ http://www.knowth.com/ireland-prehistory.htm http://www.mocks.ie/Content-Display/Download-Manager/ProductInfoID/4015/FileID/4689/Filename/The-Bronze-Age
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1) The Mesolithic Period (middle Stone Age 7000 BC).First settlers Evidence: Mount Sandal in Derry. Houses: circular, wooden frame tied at top, covered with hides grass or bushes. Food: nomadic hunter-gatherers (wild boar, duck, deer, fish, berries). Cooked on a spit. Clothes: hides cleaned with stone scrapers and sewn together with bone needles. Tools and Weapons: flint stone, axes, spears, knives and scrapers. 2) The Neolithic Period (new Stone Age 4000 BC).First farmers arrived by dugout canoe. Evidence: Lough Gur in Limerick, Ceide Fields in Mayo and the Boyne Valley. Houses: rectangular, posts, wattle and daub, thatched roof, hearth inside and hole for chimney in roof. Food: farming and hunting and gathering. Farm animals were cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. Mattock and wooden plough in light upland soil to grow wheat and barley. Grain ground on a saddle-stone. Food cooked on a spit. Clothes: same as Mesolithic. Tools and weapons: flint stone, axes, spears, knives and scrapers. Now they are polished. Pottery is used for storing food and in burials. Burial Customs and Religion. Megaliths. Usually cremated and ashes put in pots inside the following: Court Cairns (northern half, A shaped, court for ceremonies, all covered in stones). Portal Dolmens (covered in stones, how did they lift capstone). Passage Tombs (Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth). Cross shaped, 80 metres in diameter (Newgrange), corbelled roof, carved kerbstones, entrance stone, roof box. 3) The Bronze Age (2000 BC).Copper Mount Gabriel in Cork. Tin Cornwall. How did they get copper from rock? Houses: circular, posts, wattle and daub, thatch, hearth inside and hole in roof. Ditch and fence around houses. Food: same as Neolithic but fulachta fiadh used as well as spits and copper cauldrons. Tools and weapons: bronze, sickles, spades axes, spears, swords. Arts and crafts: copper and gold jewellery. Lunulae and torcs (twisted gold), fasteners, collars, bracelets and necklaces. Burial customs and religion: wedge tombs, cist graves, stone circles (may be linked to sun’s movements), galláns (standing stones). Buried in crouched position with grave goods (afterlife). Some cremated, ashes in pots. 4) The Iron Age and the Celts (by 300 BC iron had taken over)Evidence: Romans, Halstatt, La Tene, Christian writings and archaeological evidence. Houses: ring-forts (raths and cashels), Crannógs (well-off?). Hill-forts (Tara) and promontory forts (Dun Aengus). Ceremonial. Chevaux de frise Houses built in same way as Bronze Age. Souterrains (escape and cool food) Family: described below in order of importance. Rí or Taoiseach ruled a Tuath and were appointed by the Derbfine. Fosterage in use. The Nobles were made up of the warriors and the Aosdána. Aosdána were Brehons, Filí, Druids and craftsmen. Farmers Commoners or Slaves (captured from other tribes) Food: Mainly cattle but also sheep and pigs. Dairy products. Wheat (bread), oats (porridge) and barley (ale). Rotary quern used. Spit and fulachta fiadh still used and also stone ovens. Feasting important. Poems, stories, music, ficheall (chess) baire (hurling). Hero’s portion. Clothes: wool spun and woven. Mantle. Tools and weapons: iron smelting. Bronze and gold still use for ornaments. Arts and crafts: Lá Tene (Switzerland), Ogham stones. Burial customs and Religion: . Cremated and ashes put in pits or put in cist graves with a mound of stones (cairn) on top. Grave-goods included such as favorite items. SHORT QUESTIONS
1. In Celtic times who were the Aos Dána? (2012 HL) 2. Name two important Celtic festivals. (2012 HL) 3. Name two types of dwelling places from Celtic Ireland. (2009 HL) 4. Why were cattle important to the Celts? (2007 HL) 1. Name two metal ores used in Ireland during the Bronze Age. (2015 HL, 2010 HL) 2. Explain the following terms relating to ancient Ireland: Torc; Fulachta Fiadh. (2009 HL) 3. How was a fulacht fiadh used? 4. Explain the following terms: cist grave, wedge tombs, standing stones. 1. Why were the earliest times known as the Stone Age? (2012 HL) 2. Mention two advances made by Neolithic people. (2012 HL) 3. Name two types of tomb from Neolithic Ireland. (2012 HL) 4. The first Irish people were hunter-gatherers. What kind of food did they eat? (2009 OL) 5. In Neolithic Ireland, what was a court cairn? (2008 HL) long questions Q4. PEOPLE IN HISTORY (HL and OL) A person living in an ancient civilisation in Ireland. - 20 MARKS = 10/11 KEY POINTS 2011 HL Q 5. Write an account of two of the following aspects of life in Celtic Ireland. (10 marks X2) 6-7 key points each (a) Housing (b) Food and clothing (c) Work, arts and crafts (d) Religion & Burial Customs
(b) Food and clothing (c) Work, arts and crafts & (d) Burial Customs/Religion
How the Mesolithic people reached Ireland and where they first settled:
Every story has a beginning - what's this one? How Mesolithic people lived: What kind of houses did they live in? What food did they eat? How did they get this food? What tools and weapons did they use? I.E. STONE MATTOCKS, The improvements the Neolithic people brought with them: Better tools (but what made them better) and farming (which changed everything... but why?) How Neolithic people lived: What kind of houses did they live in? What food did they eat? How did they get this food - I.e. Hunter gatherers ?? What were their burial customs? Neolithic megalithic tombs: There are three types: court cairn, portal dolmen, and passage tomb (e.g. Newgrange). You must be able to describe all three |
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